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Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
What is Abandonment?
Under Section 7(b) of the NGA, natural gas companies must obtain FERC permission before abandoning all or part of an interstate transportation service or facilities used to render those services. Abandonment may be pregranted.
What is an Affiliate?
Company that is either directly or indirectly controlled and/or owned by another firm of a holding company.
What are Allowables?
Production rates assigned to oil and gas wells by a state conservation agency to prevent surplus production and to protect correlative rights.
What is Associated Gas?
Natural gas found in oil wells.
What is Balancing?
Process of requiring shippers to equalize receipt and delivery of gas in and out of a pipeline.
What is Base Gas?
Gas required in a storage reservoir that is not withdrawn and is used to provide the pressure to cycle the normal working storage volume. Also called cushion gas.
What is a Baseload?
Lowest average off-peak use during a facility's daily or annual cycle.
What is a Bcf?
Billion cubic feet.
What is Blanket Certificate (Authority)?
Permission granted by FERC for a certificate holder to engage in activities (such as gas transportation, gas sales, construction and facilities operation, or changes in rate schedules) on a self-implementing basis without case-by-case approval.
What is a Btu?
British thermal unit, a measure of the energy content of a fuel. The heat required to raise the temperature of one pound of water by one degree Fahrenheit at a specified temperature and pressure. Approximately 1,027 Btus equal one cubic foot of natural gas.
What is a Burnertip?
At an end user's location. Also the price charged the gas consumer.
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What is Butane?
One of the natural gas liquids and a component of liquefied natural gas. Stored and delivered in liquefied form, obtained by processing natural gas or from a process in petroleum refining. Contains approximately 3,260 Btu per cubic foot.
What is a Bypass?
Situation in which a customer leaves its traditional provider to receive gas service from another. May involve the installation of pipeline to the new provider's facilities and/or reduction in contract amount for the existing service provider.
What is Capacity?
Maximum gas throughput a pipeline can deliver over a given period, generally stated MMcf/d.
What is Capacity Release?
A mechanism to establish a secondary market for firm transportation capacity. Each pipeline must offer capacity release through which holders of firm capacity can voluntarily resell all or part of their firm transportation capacity rights for a short or long period to any person who wants to obtain that capacity by contracting with the pipeline. Released capacity must be traded via electronic bulletin board, through a bidding process. Capacity released for a calendar month or less, or at maximum rate, does not have to be bid (all prearranged rate).
What is Certificate of Public Convenience and Necessity?
Permit issued by FERC under Section 7(c) of the NGA allowing pipelines to engage in the transportation, storage, exchange or sale for resale of natural gas in interstate commerce or to construct and operate facilities.
What is City Gate?
A point or measuring station at which a gas distribution company receives gas from a pipeline company or transmission system.
What is Cofiring?
Concurrent burning of gas and coal in a boiler whereby gas provides a fraction of the boiler's total heat inputs. Cofiring has been found to yield reductions in sulfur dioxide (S02) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) emissions, the precursors of acid rain.
What is Cogeneration?
Sequential production of electricity and steam or other useful energy from a single energy system.
What is a Combination Utility?
Utility which supplies more than one utility service, such as gas and electricity.
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What is Combined-Cycle Generation?
System for the generation of electricity using a gas turbine or a heat recovery boiler and a steam turbine in tandem.
What is a Common Carrier?
Transporter required by law to provide service to all legitimate comers. Oil pipelines are common carriers, while gas pipelines are contract carriers.
What is Compressed Natural Gas?
Highly compressed natural gas utilized by an operation not attached to a fixed pipeline, such as vehicles.
What is a Compressor Station?
Facility which supplies the energy to move gas in transmission lines by increasing the pressure of the gas.
What is a Contract Carrier?
Transporter, such as a gas pipeline, that provides its service on a contractual basis for other parties, as opposed to a common carrier.
What is Contract Demand (CD)?
Quantity of gas a pipeline and shipper agree to on a daily, monthly or yearly basis as specified in a transportation contract. The buyer need not take this maximum quantity on any given day but must pay the full reservation charges.
What is Contract Storage?
Service whereby a customer injects and withdraws its own gas from a pipeline storage facility.
What is Convergence?
Tenn to describe the innovative combination of gas and electric services usually through a merger or acquisition between gas and electric companies.
What is Cost of Service?
Ratemaking based upon the actual cost of providing a service rather than customers' willingness to pay. Included are amounts to cover supplier costs, operation and maintenance expenses, taxes, depreciation, and a fair return on invested capital.
What is Cross Subsidization?
Practice of charging one class of customers rates higher than actual cost of service in order to charge another class lower rates. Also, using resources from one subsidiary to benefit another.
What is a Cubic Foot?
The most common unit of measurement of gas volume. It is the amount of gas required to fill a volume of one cubic foot under stated conditions of temperature, pressure, and water vapor. One cubic foot equals approximately 1,027 Btu.
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What is Curtailment?
Reducing gas deliveries below contract entitlement.
What is Cushion gas?
Gas in storage reservoir that is used to maintain operating pressure. This gas is not withdrawn from the reservoir during a normal injection and withdrawal cycle.
What is Degree Day?
An index indicating the difference between 65 degrees Fahrenheit and the average temperature for a day.
What is a Dekatherm (Dth)?
Ten therms.
What is Deliverability?
Maximum rate at which natural gas can be extracted from a supply well. Deliverability also may refer to the amount of gas that can be transported through a pipeline or withdrawn from a storage well over a given period of time.
What is a Delivery Point?
Point where gas is transferred from pipeline to shipper.
What is Design Capacity?
Engineering calculation of capacity modeled to build a pipeline, adjusted for added compression and pipe.
What is Displacement?
Method by which one company trades a like amount of gas to another company, even though the gas itself does not move.
What is Distributed Power?
Any small-scale power generation technology that provides electric power at a site closer to customers than central station generation. A distributed power unit can be connected directly to the consumer or to a utility's transmission or distribution system.
What is a Distributor?
See Local Distribution Company.
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What is Dual-Fuel Capacity?
Ability of an energy-burning facility to alternately utilize more than one kind of fuel, usually gas and oil.
What is an Electronic Bulletin Board (EBB)?
An on-line computer service that must be offered by each interstate pipeline under Order No. 636. EBBs provide shippers with equal and timely access to information on available capacity (including capacity release), account data and related information. Order 563 contains standards for information posted on EBBs.
What is an End User?
Ultimate consumer of gas.
What is Exchange Gas?
Gas received from (or delivered to) another party in exchange for gas delivered to (or received from) the other party, often in a displacement arrangement.
What is the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC)?
Federal agency, under the Department of Energy, with jurisdiction over interstate natural gas transportation and sale for resale rates, wholesale electric rates, hydroelectric licensing, oil pipeline rates, and gas pipeline certification. Established in 1977 as successor to the Federal Power Commission.
What is the Federal Power Commission (FPC)?
Federal regulatory body given authority under the NGA in 1938 to regulate the transmission and sale for resale of natural gas in interstate commerce. Succeeded in 1977 by the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission.
What is the FERC?
See Federal Energy Regulatory Commission.
What is Firm Service?
A transportation service that allows a shipper to use its capacity under contract up to its maximum daily quantity, subject to pipeline's tariff and operational procedures.
What are Fixed Costs?
Costs which relate entirely or predominantly to the capital outlay necessary to provide the system capacity plus operating expenses which do not vary materially with the quantity of gas transported through the pipeline system.
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What is a Forward or Futures Contract?
Contract for future delivery at a price determined in advance.
What is Fuel Switching?
Act of an end-user with dual-fuel capability switching fuel types if one type of fuel becomes more economical or reliable than the other.
What is a Gas Bubble?
Wide-scale excess of gas deliverability over market demand.
What is the Gas Industry Standards Board (GISB)?
An organization established to develop and promote standards for the natural gas industry to simplify and expand electronic communications, and to simplify and streamline business practices. Membership in GISB includes all segments of the natural gas industry.
What are Gathering Systems?
Pipelines, generally small diameter and low pressure, that transport gas from one or more production facilities or wellheads to a gas processing plant, transmission or distribution line.
What is a Headstation?
See Pooling Point.
What is Heating Value?
Amount of heat produced by the complete combustion of a unit quantity of fuel.
What is a Hinshaw Pipeline?
Pipeline exempt from federal jurisdiction because both the receipt and ultimate consumption of gas occur within a single state, even though the pipeline crosses a state line.
What is Incentive Regulation?
An alternative to cost-of-service regulation that places limitations on price rather than profit, with the expectation that utilities will aggressively cut costs in order to maximize their return. Incentive regulation allows utilities to retain permanently a portion of cost savings as an inducement for further cost reductions.
What are Incremental Rates?
Rate treatment that requires marginal or new customers to pay the full cost of additional facilities.
What is an Independent Power Producer (IPP)?
Wholesale electricity producer unaffiliated with the franchised utility in the area in which the IPP is selling power.
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What is an Integrated Gas Company?
Company that obtains a significant portion of its gas operating revenues from the operations of both a retail gas distribution system and a gas transmission system.
What is Interruptible Service?
A transportation service similar to firm service in operation, but a lower priority for scheduling, subject to interruption if capacity is required for firm service.
What is an Interstate Pipeline?
A pipeline company that is engaged in the transportation or sale for resale of natural gas across State boundaries, and is subject FERC jurisdiction under the NGA.
What is an Intrastate Pipeline?
A pipeline company that is engaged in the transportation or sale for resale of natural gas that does not cross State boundaries, and is not subject to FERC jurisdiction under the NGA, but is subject to state regulation.
What are Just and Reasonable Rates (J & R)?
Requirement of Section 4 of the NGA that rates be set at the lowest reasonable level that recovers a pipeline's costs associated with plant and equipment used and useful in providing service. The rates must not be unduly discriminatory, preferential or otherwise unlawful.
What is a Line Pack?
A temporary change in a pipeline system operating pressure brought about by a deviation from a steady flow condition.
What is Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG)?
Natural gas which has been liquefied for storage by reducing the temperature to minus 260 degrees Fahrenheit.
What is Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG)?
A gas containing certain specific hydrocarbons which are gaseous under normal atmospheric conditions but can be liquefied under moderate pressure at normal temperatures. Propane and butane are the principal examples.
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What is Load Balancing?
Process by which a pipeline uses line pack and storage capabilities to equalize system gas pressures.
What is a Load Factor?
A ratio of average pipeline throughput to the contracted volume for a specific period of time.
What is Load Management?
Utility operating techniques to minimize peaking, or capacity, costs associated with the seasonal variations in customer demand.
What is a Local Distribution Company (LDC)?
Company engaged primarily in the purchase of natural gas for resale and distribution to end-users.
What is Looping?
Increasing the capacity of a transmission system by installing an additional pipeline beside the original.
What is a Market-Based Rate?
A rate determined by conditions in a specific geographic market. A natural gas pipeline company can charge market-based rates for a service, as differentiated from rates set under the cost of service method, if the company has demonstrated that it lacks significant market power for that market or service and has received FERC approval. A jurisdictional recourse rate need not be offered if market-based rates have been approved.
What is a Marketer?
Entity that links customers and gas companies by providing services such as accounting, supply aggregation and sales, and arranging for transportation.
What is a Market Hub?
Point of interconnection between two or more pipelines, gas processors or storage facilities where the transfer of gas and related service takes place, coordinated by the operator of the hub.
What is a Marketing Affiliate?
Company, owned in whole or in part by an interstate pipeline or a pipeline's parent company. Marketing affiliates are subject to Order 497 which prohibits discriminatory behavior between the pipeline and its affiliate and requires the affiliate to maintain separate operations and personnel.
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What is Markup?
The average cost paid by a pipeline company customer to move a unit of gas.
What is Maximum Daily Quantity (MDQ)?
The daily allotment of capacity a customer has reserved by contract with a pipeline company.
What is Mcf?
Thousand cubic feet.
What is Methane?
Primary component of natural gas.
What are Mileage-Based Rates?
Rates designed to reflect the difference in pipeline costs based on the distance between supply sources and delivery points.
What is MMBtu?
Million British thermal units.
What is MMcf?
Million cubic feet.
What is a Modified Fixed Variable (MFV)?
Rate design where fixed costs associated with the pipeline's return on equity and associated income taxes are included in its volumetric charge, while all other fixed costs are recovered in the demand charge. Variation of straight fixedvariable rate design.
What is Monopsony?
Market condition in which a large number of sellers have only one buyer, as opposed to monopoly, where there is only one seller.
What is the National Energy Policy Act of 1992?
A multifaceted energy statute intended to reduce U.S. dependence on oil imports. Among other provisions, the act exempts multi-state ownership of wholesale electric power facilities from federal securities regulation under the Public Utility Holding Company Act of 1935. The Act also give FERC authority to order access to the electric transmission grid.
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What is Native Gas?
The total volume of gas indigenous to a storage reservoir.
What is Natural Gas?
Naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and nonhydrocarbon gases found in porous geologic formations. The primary component is methane.
What is the Natural Gas Act (NGA)?
Federal statute of 1938 giving the Federal Power Commission exclusive jurisdiction over the transportation and sale of gas for resale in interstate commerce.
What are Natural Gas Liquids?
Hydrocarbon components of wet gas. Natural gasoline and liquefied petroleum gases fall in this category.
What is the Natural Gas Policy Act (NGPA)?
Federal statute of 1978 enacted to begin the decontrol of natural gas wellhead prices.
What is the Natural Gas Wellhead Decontrol Act of 1989?
Legislation that abolished all remaining federal price controls on natural gas.
What is a Negotiated Rate?
An alternative to traditional cost of service rates where a rate for a service varies from a pipeline's otherwise applicable tariff and is mutually agreed upon by a pipeline and its customer. At the time a customer is considering a negotiated rate, a recourse rate that is on file in the pipeline's tariff must also be available to that customer. Also known as negotiated/recourse rates.
What is a Netback Price?
Wellhead price determined by subtracting transmission and distribution costs from the market price.
What is the NGA?
See Natural Gas Act.
What is Nomination?
Formal notification to a pipeline from a shipper indicating the amount of gas to be received, delivered or stored by the pipelines.
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What is Nondiscriminatory Transportation?
Transportation offered without undue discrimination or preference as to quality or duration of service, categories, prices, or volumes of gas.
What is No-Notice Service?
A firm transportation service (required under Order No. 636 to be offered to prior pipeline sales customers) that allows the customer to take a different amount of gas than it nominated, without penalty.
What is Notice of Proposed Rulemaking (NOPR)?
FERC document describing proposed rules and soliciting comments by affected parties.
What is Off-Peak?
Period of low energy demand, such as the summer months for gas, and the winter months for electricity.
What is Open-Access Contract Carriage?
Nondiscriminatory transportation of natural gas under Part 284 of the NGPA, pursuant to Orders 436 and 500.
What is an Operational Balancing Agreement?
Agreement between two interconnecting pipelines or plant operators to resolve day to day variations in gas flow that result from operational factors.
What is an Operational Flow Order (OFO)?
An order issued by a pipeline prescribing specific actions to be taken by shippers to alleviate conditions that threaten or could threaten safe operations or pipeline integrity.
What is an Optional Expedited Certificate (OEC)?
Provision of Orders 436 and 500 providing the opportunity for more streamlined regulatory approval of pipeline construction under certain conditions, such as if those planning to build the pipeline accept all financial risks.
What is Order 380?
1984 FERC ruling prohibiting interstate pipelines from recovering variable costs in the minimum bill portion of their rates.
What is Order 436?
1985 FERC order establishing self-implementing, nondiscriminatory, open-access transportation on a first-come, firstserved basis. Vacated and remanded to the commission by the courts.
What is Order 451?
1986 FERC order granting producers the onetime right to request renegotiation of sales contracts covering old gas. Vacated and remanded to the commission by the court. The Supreme Court upheld the order in 1991.
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What is Order 497?
FERC order requiring open-access interstate natural gas pipelines that have marketing affiliates to observe rules of conduct and separation of business.
What is Order 500?
FERC order continuing the thrust of Order 436 while attempting to address the take-or-pay problem.
What is Order 509?
FERC order requiring open-access transportation on outer continental shelf facilities.
What is Order 528?
FERC response to an appeals court ruling that the purchase deficiency method of recovering take-or-pay costs contained in Order 500 violated the filed rate doctrine. The order outlines a forward-looking recovery mechanism for take-or-pay costs.
What is Order 563?
Rule establishing standards governing the electronic dissemination of information required under Order No. 636.
What is Order 566?
Reduced reporting requirements for pipeline marketing affiliates but retained most standards of conduct.
What are Orders 581/582?
FERC Order 581 amended certain accounts, forms, reports, and statements for natural gas companies, while also imposing new and revised electronic filing requirements. FERC Order 582 revised the regulations governing the form and composition of interstate natural gas pipeline tariffs and filing requirements.
What is Order 636?
Comprehensive FERC order that restructured pipeline services and rates. The rule required each interstate pipeline to unbundle sales, transportation and storage services.
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What is the Outer Continental Shelf (OCS)?
Seabed lying more than three miles offshore, under federal jurisdiction.
What is a Paper Hearing?
Process whereby FERC, in an effort to expedite proceedings, decides issues on the basis of a written record.
What is Peak Day?
Day of highest customer demand during a year.
What is Peak-Shaving?
Form of load management where supplemental supplies, such as LNG or storage gas, are used to accommodate seasonal periods of peak customer demand.
What are Penalties?
FERC-approved tariff provisions that permit pipelines to access a fee on shipper actions that violate pipeline parameters.
What are Pooling Points?
Mainline receipt points where pipeline-quality natural gas is introduced into a high-pressure transmission mainline, generally located at interconnections with upstream pipelines, tailgate receipt points, and points where gathering systems interconnect with the mainline. Also referred to as headstations.
What is a Postage-Stamp Rate?
Flat rates charged for natural gas transportation service without regard to distance.
What is a Prearranged Deal?
A capacity release transaction where the releasing shipper enters into a deal with a replacement shipper without going through the open bidding procedures. Prearranged deals are subject to certain restrictions.
What is a Pre-granted Abandonment?
FERC authorization to terminate transportation service automatically upon the expiration of the underlying contract.
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What is Price-Elasticity of Demand?
Measure of the sensitivity of demand to changes in price.
What is a Pro-Forma Tariff?
Proposed tariff filed by a gas utility seeking certification of a particular project.
What is Project Financing?
Method of financing capital projects whereby a company solicits debt for a project by pledging the prospective revenues as debt coverage.
What is Propane?
Derivative of petroleum refining which can be mixed with air to form a substitute for natural gas, used for peak-shaving in some locations.
What is Prorating, Prorationing, Pro-Rata, or Ratable Takes?
State regulation apportioning allowable production among wells, either to protect the correlative rights of owners tapping from the same reservoir or to prevent discrimination in the event that market demand is less than production capacity.
What is the Public Utility Holding Company Act (PUHCA)?
Legislation enacted in 1935 to protect utility stockholders and consumers from financial and economic abuses of utility holding companies. Unless utilities have structured their operations to avoid PUHCA, the company is subject to extensive regulation by the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). Amended by the National Energy Policy Act of 1992 so that multi-state power generation subsidiaries would exempt a party from PUHCA.
What is a Quad?
Quadrillion Btu.
What is a Rate Base?
Net value of a utility's investment in plant an equipment.
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What is Rate Regulation?
Regulation of transmission and distribution utilities to ensure rates are "just and reasonable." Usually based on cost-of-service principles.
What is a Rate Zone?
Specified area where all customers pay the same price for the same level of service.
What is a Receipt Point?
Point where gas enters the pipeline for delivery to customers.
What is a Recourse Rate?
A cost of service based rate for natural gas pipeline service that is on file in a pipeline's tariff and is available to customers who do not negotiate a rate with the pipeline company. Also see negotiated rate.
What is a Reservation Charge?
Fee assessed based on the amount of capacity reserved on a daily basis. It is typically a monthly fee that does not vary by throughput.
What are Reserves?
Proportion of the energy (natural gas, for example) resource commercially recoverable under current economic conditions with current technology. Reserves are those resources believed to be recoverable with the highest degree of confidence.
What is Reserves-to-Production or R/P Ratio?
Ratio of remaining recoverable reserves to the current rate of production.
What is a Reservoir?
Geological formation holding an accumulation of oil and/or natural gas.
What is a Resource Base?
Amount of natural gas that is yet to be recovered.
What is a Revenue Requirement?
Level of revenue a regulated company is allowed to collect through rates to cover operating costs and to provide an opportunity to earn a fair rate of return on rate base.
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What is a Right of First Refusal?
Provision of Order 636 which gives firm shippers with contracts longer than one year a right of first refusal when the contract expires if the shipper agrees to match the highest bid for that capacity. Bids are capped at the maximum rate and 20 years duration.
What is Rolled-in-Pricing?
Rate treatment whereby a utility charges its customers the weighted average cost of all existing and new facilities.
What are Seasonal Rates?
Rates designed to reflect the difference in cost and value of service between peak and off-peak periods, as opposed to levelized rate paid over the calendar year.
What is a Scrubber?
Piece of equipment through which combustion gases are passed in order to remove contaminants, mostly sulfur oxides. This is done by mixing the gases with suitable agents that absorb or react with the undesired elements.
What is Section 7 (c) Transportation?
Transportation program under Section 7(c) of the NGA which requires obtaining a certificate of public convenience and necessity from FERC.
What is Section 311 Transportation?
Transportation program under Section 311 of the NGPA authorizing a pipeline, after acceptance of a transportation tariff filing, to commence self-implementing, nondiscriminatory transportation of gas for local distribution companies, and interstate and intrastate pipelines.
What is a Service Agreement?
An agreement between a pipeline company and customer specifying the service to be rendered, maximum obligation to deliver, delivery points, delivery pressure, applicable rate schedules by reference to the tariff, effective date and term, and identification of any prior agreements being superseded.
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What is a Service Obligation?
Created when an interstate pipeline accepts an NGA Section 7(c) certificate. Consists of a commitment to provide transportation service to a customer even after its contract with that customer expires. See Right of First Refusal.
What is a Shipper?
Any pipeline customer who holds a contract with the pipeline for transportation service.
What is Shut-in-Gas?
Situation in which production is restrained or cut off either by order of a state conservation authority (prorating) or because the producer is unable to find a buyer at an acceptable price.
What is Sour Gas?
Gas found in its natural state containing enough sulfur to make it impractical to use without purifying.
What is Spin Down?
Process by which an interstate pipeline transfers ownership of gathering or other facilities to a non-affiliated company.
What is a Spot Market?
Commodity transactions in which buying and selling commitments are of relatively short duration, usually less than one year.
What is Storage Facility?
A subsurface geologic formation suitable for and used to store natural gas that has been transferred from its original location for the purpose of fuller utilization of pipeline facilities and effective market delivery or load management.
What is Straight Fixed Variable (SFV)?
Pipeline rate design that allocates all fixed costs to the reservation component and all variable costs to the usage component.
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What is Sweet Gas?
Gas found in its natural state that can be used without purifying.
What is System Storage?
After Order 636, portion of pipeline-owned storage capacity retained for system management.
What is Take-or-Pay?
Contractual agreement to pay for a certain threshold quantity of gas whether or not the buyer takes the full contract level.
What is a Tariff?
Schedule describing the different terms, conditions and rates for different gas services offered by a gas company.
What is Tcf?
Trillion cubic feet.
What is a Therm?
Unit of heat equal to 100,000 Btus.
What is a Throughput?
Volume of natural gas that may be carried on a pipeline over a period of time.
What are Transition Costs?
Costs that interstate pipelines incurred as a result of implementing the requirements of Order 636. The rule identifies specific types of costs and provides guidelines for pipeline recovery of these costs, such as Account 191 (sales gas that had been taken by customers but not yet paid for), gas supply realignment costs and stranded facilities investments.
What is Unbundling?
Charging customers separately for distinct services, e.g., gathering, transportation, storage, sales. With unbundling, each service has a separate rate.
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What is a Usage Charge?
A per unit-of-gas fee assessed to recover variable costs of using reserved capacity on the pipeline system.
What are Variable Costs?
Portion of a company's cost of service that varies as throughput varies. For gas pipelines these include the cost of compressor fuel.
What are Volumetric Charges?
Tariff charges that vary with the volumes of gas shipped.
What is a Wellhead?
Point at which gas flows from the ground.
What is a Wellhead Price?
Price of gas flowing from the wellhead, exclusive of gathering, treating, or transportation charges.
What is Wet Gas?
Unprocessed or partially processed natural gas, produced from strata containing condensable hydrocarbons and water.
What is Working Gas?
Gas in storage which is available for withdrawal during a normal injection and withdrawal cycle.
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